Modeling in Numerus - Revision history

Rsalter at 17:47, 9 June 2018

2018-06-09T17:47:18Z

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	The model is comprised of components organized into a groups called ''Capsules'' forming a hierarchical structure. The simplest model consists of a single Capsule and is analogous to a system dynamics model. The use of special containers to form the hierarchy give rise to Numerus's additional expressiveness in forming spatial, agent-based and network models.		The model is comprised of components organized into a groups called ''Capsules'' forming a hierarchical structure. The simplest model consists of a single Capsule and is analogous to a system dynamics model. The use of special containers to form the hierarchy give rise to Numerus's additional expressiveness in forming spatial, agent-based and network models.

			==Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming==
	<div id="capsule">		<div id="capsule">
	~~<div id="capchipsubpro">~~
	~~==Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming==~~
	Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.		Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.
	</div>		</div>

Rsalter: /* Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming */

2018-06-09T17:45:26Z

Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming

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	<div id="capsule">		<div id="capsule">
			<div id="capchipsubpro">
	==Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming==		==Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming==
	Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.		Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.

Rsalter at 19:48, 12 March 2018

2018-03-12T19:48:09Z

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	Spatial modeling introduces into the model an awareness of position in 2 or 3 dimensions. In Numerus this capability is encapsulated using a component called a ''CellMatrix''. A CellMatrix is an array of cells forming a geometric lattice. The lattice can have either a cartesian or hexagonal topology<ref>Hexagonal topology is limited to 2 dimensions</ref>. Each cell is comprised of a capsule instance extended with special operators that inform the cell of its topological properties. A well-known example of a 2-dimensional cartesian spatial model of this type is [//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiVxv-36PjYAhWD0YMKHU_iBz4QFggoMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConway%2527s_Game_of_Life&usg=AOvVaw3Ren4zMW9qfyNBCmJvYMlL Conway's Game of Life]. The cells in this model are in one of two states (“alive” or “dead”), and state transition depends on the state of a cell's 8 neighbors. In Numerus, a Life cell is Capsule with a single Sequence component representing its state. Special primitive operators allow a cell to query the state of its neighbors to determine its own state transition.		Spatial modeling introduces into the model an awareness of position in 2 or 3 dimensions. In Numerus this capability is encapsulated using a component called a ''CellMatrix''. A CellMatrix is an array of cells forming a geometric lattice. The lattice can have either a cartesian or hexagonal topology<ref>Hexagonal topology is limited to 2 dimensions</ref>. Each cell is comprised of a capsule instance extended with special operators that inform the cell of its topological properties. A well-known example of a 2-dimensional cartesian spatial model of this type is [//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiVxv-36PjYAhWD0YMKHU_iBz4QFggoMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConway%2527s_Game_of_Life&usg=AOvVaw3Ren4zMW9qfyNBCmJvYMlL Conway's Game of Life]. The cells in this model are in one of two states (“alive” or “dead”), and state transition depends on the state of a cell's 8 neighbors. In Numerus, a Life cell is Capsule with a single Sequence component representing its state. Special primitive operators allow a cell to query the state of its neighbors to determine its own state transition.

	=Agent Based Models in Numerus=		==Agent Based Models in Numerus==
	In Numerus an agent is a Capsule instance that exists at some location in a 2 dimensional cartesian or hexagonal spatial landscape. The agent population may be fixed or may vary dynamically over the course of the simulation. Numerus uses an array container called an ''AgentVector'' to manage the set of agents. In addition to the state created by its capsule, an agent is also assigned a pair of variables that serve as its xy coordinates in the spatial landscape. As an agent moves the AgentVector adjusts its spatial coordinates accordingly. The AgentVector also manages the population of models with dynamic agent populations. Special operators allow the agent to manage its movement, determine population changes through births and deaths, and detect and query other agents within a specified distance.		In Numerus an agent is a Capsule instance that exists at some location in a 2 dimensional cartesian or hexagonal spatial landscape. The agent population may be fixed or may vary dynamically over the course of the simulation. Numerus uses an array container called an ''AgentVector'' to manage the set of agents. In addition to the state created by its capsule, an agent is also assigned a pair of variables that serve as its xy coordinates in the spatial landscape. As an agent moves the AgentVector adjusts its spatial coordinates accordingly. The AgentVector also manages the population of models with dynamic agent populations. Special operators allow the agent to manage its movement, determine population changes through births and deaths, and detect and query other agents within a specified distance.

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	=Network Based Models in Numerus=		==Network Based Models in Numerus==
	A network generalizes the topology of a spatial landscape. The Numerus ''NodeNetwork'' component is a container for an array of nodes, each of which is a Capsule instance. These nodes, together with a set of directed arcs, form a [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics) mathematical graph]. The NodeNetwork provides operators that inform the node about its arc-based topological neighborhood. A NodeNetwork can be paired with an AgentVector to create a ''NetWorld'' (analogous to a SimWorld) in which the agents move from node to node through the network.		A network generalizes the topology of a spatial landscape. The Numerus ''NodeNetwork'' component is a container for an array of nodes, each of which is a Capsule instance. These nodes, together with a set of directed arcs, form a [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics) mathematical graph]. The NodeNetwork provides operators that inform the node about its arc-based topological neighborhood. A NodeNetwork can be paired with an AgentVector to create a ''NetWorld'' (analogous to a SimWorld) in which the agents move from node to node through the network.
	<!--		<!--
	=Chip ~~Basic~~==		==Chip Basics==
	As the [[Glossary\|Numerus Glossary]] states, a '''Chip''' is a Container component which contains a single '''Capsule''' instance. A '''Capsule''' is a prototype for a simulation unit. It contains base components and may contain other chips, inputs, and / or outputs. These definitions may appear a bit vague or broad, however, that is simply because '''Chips''' and '''Capsules''' are widely used in a variety of ways within Numerus.		As the [[Glossary\|Numerus Glossary]] states, a '''Chip''' is a Container component which contains a single '''Capsule''' instance. A '''Capsule''' is a prototype for a simulation unit. It contains base components and may contain other chips, inputs, and / or outputs. These definitions may appear a bit vague or broad, however, that is simply because '''Chips''' and '''Capsules''' are widely used in a variety of ways within Numerus.

Rsalter: /* Spatial Models in Numerus */

2018-03-12T19:47:31Z

Spatial Models in Numerus

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	=Spatial Models in Numerus=		==Spatial Models in Numerus==
	Spatial modeling introduces into the model an awareness of position in 2 or 3 dimensions. In Numerus this capability is encapsulated using a component called a ''CellMatrix''. A CellMatrix is an array of cells forming a geometric lattice. The lattice can have either a cartesian or hexagonal topology<ref>Hexagonal topology is limited to 2 dimensions</ref>. Each cell is comprised of a capsule instance extended with special operators that inform the cell of its topological properties. A well-known example of a 2-dimensional cartesian spatial model of this type is [//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiVxv-36PjYAhWD0YMKHU_iBz4QFggoMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConway%2527s_Game_of_Life&usg=AOvVaw3Ren4zMW9qfyNBCmJvYMlL Conway's Game of Life]. The cells in this model are in one of two states (“alive” or “dead”), and state transition depends on the state of a cell's 8 neighbors. In Numerus, a Life cell is Capsule with a single Sequence component representing its state. Special primitive operators allow a cell to query the state of its neighbors to determine its own state transition.		Spatial modeling introduces into the model an awareness of position in 2 or 3 dimensions. In Numerus this capability is encapsulated using a component called a ''CellMatrix''. A CellMatrix is an array of cells forming a geometric lattice. The lattice can have either a cartesian or hexagonal topology<ref>Hexagonal topology is limited to 2 dimensions</ref>. Each cell is comprised of a capsule instance extended with special operators that inform the cell of its topological properties. A well-known example of a 2-dimensional cartesian spatial model of this type is [//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiVxv-36PjYAhWD0YMKHU_iBz4QFggoMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConway%2527s_Game_of_Life&usg=AOvVaw3Ren4zMW9qfyNBCmJvYMlL Conway's Game of Life]. The cells in this model are in one of two states (“alive” or “dead”), and state transition depends on the state of a cell's 8 neighbors. In Numerus, a Life cell is Capsule with a single Sequence component representing its state. Special primitive operators allow a cell to query the state of its neighbors to determine its own state transition.

Rsalter: /* Dynamical Systems Models in Numerus */

2018-03-12T19:47:23Z

Dynamical Systems Models in Numerus

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	Each component inserted into a Numerus model must be "programmed" to describe its relationship to other components and to the model as a whole. This programming uses the language ''NovaScript'', which is the JavaScript language extended with some special features. In simple models, most components represent values, in which case the program is an algebraic expression defining the value. In more advanced models some programs may make use of additional algebraic tools in the language. Along with the tools provided by JavaScript, Numerus comes equipped with special primitive operations and constants (referred to, respectively, as ''primops'' and ''primprops'') that address the needs of modeling. After determining the Capsule structure and selecting the components for each Capsule, component programming is the ultimate "glue" that solidifies your model. It will be discussed and illustrated throughout this user guide.		Each component inserted into a Numerus model must be "programmed" to describe its relationship to other components and to the model as a whole. This programming uses the language ''NovaScript'', which is the JavaScript language extended with some special features. In simple models, most components represent values, in which case the program is an algebraic expression defining the value. In more advanced models some programs may make use of additional algebraic tools in the language. Along with the tools provided by JavaScript, Numerus comes equipped with special primitive operations and constants (referred to, respectively, as ''primops'' and ''primprops'') that address the needs of modeling. After determining the Capsule structure and selecting the components for each Capsule, component programming is the ultimate "glue" that solidifies your model. It will be discussed and illustrated throughout this user guide.

	=Dynamical Systems Models in Numerus=		==Dynamical Systems Models in Numerus==
	This user guide assumes the reader is familiar with basic system dynamics (SD) methodology. One place to start is [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics here].		This user guide assumes the reader is familiar with basic system dynamics (SD) methodology. One place to start is [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_dynamics here].

Rsalter: /* Numerus Simulation */

2018-03-12T19:47:09Z

Numerus Simulation

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	It is important to understand the structure of the Numerus platform in order to implement powerful and complex dynamical system and spatial, agent-based and network models. Numerus provides an impressive range and versatility of components to effectively design and execute models. In addition, Numerus has the capability to implement designs using specialized components. To utilize Numerus's capabilities we must first understand the basics of Numerus's Capsule-based architecture.		It is important to understand the structure of the Numerus platform in order to implement powerful and complex dynamical system and spatial, agent-based and network models. Numerus provides an impressive range and versatility of components to effectively design and execute models. In addition, Numerus has the capability to implement designs using specialized components. To utilize Numerus's capabilities we must first understand the basics of Numerus's Capsule-based architecture.

	=Numerus Simulation=		==Numerus Simulation==
	A Numerus model is a program that drives a run-time simulation. The simulation is initialized to some initial state and executes using a ''clock'' to delineate time steps. At each time step the simulation's current state is used to compute its next state. Intermediate results may be recorded as the simulation progresses, with final results recorded upon termination. State transitions may be deterministic or stochastic (using a pseudo-random number generator).		A Numerus model is a program that drives a run-time simulation. The simulation is initialized to some initial state and executes using a ''clock'' to delineate time steps. At each time step the simulation's current state is used to compute its next state. Intermediate results may be recorded as the simulation progresses, with final results recorded upon termination. State transitions may be deterministic or stochastic (using a pseudo-random number generator).

Rsalter: /* Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming */

2018-03-12T19:46:54Z

Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming

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	<div id="capsule">		<div id="capsule">
	=Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming=		==Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming==
	Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.		Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.
	</div>		</div>

Rsalter: /* Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming */

2018-03-12T19:09:14Z

Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 12 March 2018
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	The model is comprised of components organized into a groups called ''Capsules'' forming a hierarchical structure. The simplest model consists of a single Capsule and is analogous to a system dynamics model. The use of special containers to form the hierarchy give rise to Numerus's additional expressiveness in forming spatial, agent-based and network models.		The model is comprised of components organized into a groups called ''Capsules'' forming a hierarchical structure. The simplest model consists of a single Capsule and is analogous to a system dynamics model. The use of special containers to form the hierarchy give rise to Numerus's additional expressiveness in forming spatial, agent-based and network models.

			<div id="capsule">
	=Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming=		=Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming=
	~~<div id="capsule">~~
	Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.		Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.
	</div>		</div>

Rsalter: /* Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming */

2018-03-12T19:08:02Z

Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming

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	=Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming=		=Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming=
	<a id="capsule"~~></a~~>		<div id="capsule">
	Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.		Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.
			</div>
	[[File:capsule_hierarchy.png\|500px\|link=]]		[[File:capsule_hierarchy.png\|500px\|link=]]

Rsalter: /* Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming */

2018-03-12T19:06:56Z

Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming

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	=Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming=		=Capsule, Chip, Submodel, Programming=
	<~~anchor~~ id="capsule">		<a id="capsule"></a>
	Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.		Numerus introduces a modular design feature called a ''Capsule''. A Capsule is a model space containing interacting components such as Stocks, Flows, Terms, Commands, etc. Each Numerus model is comprised of one or more Capsule instances<ref>Note the distinction between '' Capsule'' and ''Capsule instance''. A Capsule describes a model space containing interacting components. A Capsule instance represents one specific use of that Capsule. A Capsule may have many instances in a project. Capsule and Capsule instance may be used interchangeably when there is no possible ambiguity.</ref> in a hierarchical relationship. A Capsule instance called ''main'' (which can only have one instance) is at the root of this hierarchy. Instances of other Capsules can be inserted into the model space of a given Capsule using special container components. The simplest of these is called a ''Chip'' and it contains a single instance of another Capsule. The entire hierarchy of Capsules rooted at the Chip is called a ''submodel'' <ref>The only restriction is on circularity: no submodel can contain a Capsule that contains that submodel.</ref>. Other containers are used to create spatial, agent-based and network architectures and will be discussed below.